Blockchain technology, exemplified by Bitcoin and Ethereum, has transformed decentralized systems by ensuring digital trust without a central authority. This trust hinges on decentralized consensus...

This article delves into the importance of HSMs, their functions, historical evolution, modern applications, and future prospects.

This advancement represents a significant improvement over existing ZK-IOP constructions, which often incur large multiplicative overheads in proof length, and paves the way for more efficient and secure cryptographic protocols.

Ethereum is one of the largest decentralized platforms, renowned for its openness and transactional transparency. These qualities, while fostering a robust and innovative ecosystem, also expose it to exploitation by malicious entities.

This article uncovers how penalizing inactive nodes can undermine blockchain properties, especially when Byzantine validators can coordinate their actions.

This article explores these interactions, identifies potential threats, and suggests strategies to counter them.